India Blood Bank

Blood is donated by volunteers who are screened and “accepted” to give blood. Blood can also be taken and stored for one’s own future use, or be donated by a relative. Most often, a person’s own blood is taken and stored in advance of surgery where a transfusion may be needed. This, of course, can only be done in cases where the need is anticipated. Relatives may also donate blood for direct use by a patient, although this is not typically considered any safer than blood from a volunteer.

1) PROFESSIONAL DONORS They sell their blood, which is of very poor quality and can transmit very dangerous diseases to the recipient. It is illegal to take blood from any professional donor.

(2) REPLACEMENT DONATION Healthy relatives and friends of the patient give their blood, of any group, to the blood bank. In exchange, the required number of units in the required blood group is given.

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(3) VOLUNTARY DONATION Here a donor donates blood voluntarily. The blood can be used for any patient even without divulging the identity of the donor. This is the best type of blood donation where a motivated human being gives blood in an act of selfless service.

The screening process includes questions about overall health and about any risk factors for disease. Blood is only taken from donors who are designated as healthy enough to do so. The donated blood is tested to determine type (A, B, AB, or O) and screened for the presence of the hepatitis virus (B and C), HIV, HTLV (human T-lymphotropic viruses), West Nile virus, and Treponema pallidum (the bacteria which causes syphilis).

Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Even the heart couldn’t survive without blood flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls. Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system; from there they are removed from the body.

We can not live without blood. And that the blood in our bodies is pumped by the heart through a network of arteries and veins. But beyond those blood basics, what do you know about that red stuff beneath your skin?

Without blood, we couldn’t keep warm or cool off, we couldn’t fight infections, and we couldn’t get rid of our own waste products.

So how exactly does blood do these things? How is it made, and what’s in it? How does blood clot? It’s time to learn a little about the mysterious, life-sustaining fluid called blood.

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Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person’s blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.

Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.

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A certain set of standard tests are performed in the laboratory once blood is donated, including, but not limited to, the following:

* typing: ABO group (blood type)
* Rh typing (positive or negative antigen)
* screening for any unexpected red blood cell antibodies that may cause problems in the recipient
* screening for current or past infections, including the following:
o hepatitis viruses B and C
o human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
o human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV) I and II
o syphilis
* Irradiation to blood cells is performed to disable any T-lymphocytes present in the donated blood. (T-lymphocytes can cause a reaction when transfused, but can also cause what is called “graft-versus-host” problems with repeated exposure to foreign cells.)
* “Leukocyte-reduced blood” has been filtered to remove the white blood cells which contain antibodies that can cause fevers in the recipient of the transfusion. (These antibodies, with repeated transfusions, may also increase a recipient’s risk of reactions to subsequent transfusions.)

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Blood is the red coloured fluid flowing continuously in our body’s circulatory system. About 1/12th of the body weight of a healthy individual is blood. On an average there are about 5 6 litres of blood present.

While blood, or one of its components, may be transferred, each component serves many functions, including the following:

* red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues in the body and are commonly used in the treatment of anemia.
* platelets - help the blood to clot and are used in the treatment of leukemia and other forms of cancer.
* white blood cells - help to fight infection, and aid in the immune process.
* plasma - the watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Plasma is needed to carry the many parts of the blood through the bloodstream. Plasma serves many functions, including the following:
o helps to maintain blood pressure
o provides proteins for blood clotting
o balances the levels of sodium and potassium
* cryoprecipitate AHF - a portion of the plasma that contains clotting factors that help to control bleeding.

Albumin, immune globulins, and clotting factor concentrates may also be separated and processed for transfusions.

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