India Blood Bank

Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft, spongy material in the center of the bones that produces about 95 percent of the body’s blood cells.

There are other organs and systems in our bodies that help regulate blood cells. The lymph nodes, spleen, and liver help regulate the production, destruction, and differentiation (developing a specific function) of cells. The production and development of new cells is a process called hematopoiesis.

Blood cells formed in the bone marrow start out as a stem cell. A “stem cell” (or hematopoietic cell) is the initial phase of all blood cells. As the stem cell matures, several distinct cells evolve such as the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Immature blood cells are also called blasts. Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature and others travel to other parts of the body to develop into mature, functioning blood cells.

Blood cells Three main types of cell are present in blood: erythrocytes or red cells, leucocytes or white cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin, which is responsible for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. White blood cells are generally concerned with protection against invading micro‐organisms, and platelets with the ability of the blood to coagulate, and so prevent excessive blood loss through bleeding.

Hemophilia is classified as an X-linked recessive disorder, which means it is passed from a mother to her son.  About 1 out of every 5,000 - 10,000 males born in the U.S. are diagnosed with Hemophilia.  A woman who is a carrier of the gene has a 50% chance of having a son with Hemophilia, or a daughter who is a carrier.  A man with hemophilia will not pass it on to his sons; however his daughters will be carriers of the gene.  In some cases there is no known history of Hemophilia in the family and gene mutations are sometimes the cause for the condition.  Approximately 80% of the people who have Hemophilia have classic Hemophilia or Hemophilia A.  This is also known as Factor VIII (8) deficiency.  The remaining have Hemophilia B, also known as Christmas Disease or Factor IX (9) deficiency.

Hemophilia is most often classified by its severity.  Although the levels can overlap, there are three basic classifications of Hemophilia.  The severity of the disease is defined by how much of the clotting factor is produced by the body, and in what situations bleeding occurs.  The three classifications are as follows:

• Mild Hemophilia:  Clotting Factor VIII (8) or Clotting Factor IX (9) is at 5% of normal levels or greater.  Mild Hemophilia may not be recognized unless there is excessive bleeding after a major injury or surgical procedure.
• Moderate Hemophilia:  Clotting Factor VIII (8) or Clotting Factor IX (9) level is 1% to 5% of normal levels.  Bleeding usually follows a fall, sprain, or strain.
• Severe Hemophilia:  Clotting Factor VIII (8) or Clotting Factor IX (9) level is less than 1% of normal levels.  Bleeding episodes often happen spontaneously (for no apparent reason).

Von Willebrand disorder

Von Willebrand disorder (vWD) is more common than Hemophilia, and is found in both men and women.  People with von Willebrand disorder lack functional von Willebrand factor in their blood.  This disorder is inherited autosomally meaning either the mother or father can pass it on to a son or daughter.  A person who is a carrier of the gene has a 50% chance of having a child with von Willebrand disorder.  There are three different types of von Willebrand disorder known as Type 1(Mild), Type 2(Medium), and Type 3(Severe).

Treatment of Hemophilia & von Willebrand disorder

Effective treatment of Hemophilia & von Willebrand disorder is available for most people.  This is achieved by replacing factor that is missing in their blood.  Very mild cases can be treated with inter nasal or IV desmopressin acetate.  In more severe cases a concentrated form of the missing factor protein is administered intravenously as soon as the person knows they are having a bleed, or to prevent a bleed from occurring.  A small percentage of people will develop inhibitors to infused factor.  This may make the treatments less effective and also may complicate the treatment process.

Medex BioCare (MBC) offers a complete line of biotech pharmaceuticals in all available brands and assays for the home maintenance of chronic conditions such as Hemophilia & von Willebrand disorder.

Your blood group will be A, B, AB, or O. If you have “A” “B” or “O” blood group, you have antibodies in your blood plasma that destroy some of the other blood groups. If you have group “A” blood, you cannot receive blood that is group “B” and vice versa. If you have “O” blood, your body will create antibodies to fight “A” or “B” blood. If you have group “AB” blood however, your body will not create antibodies for any of the other blood groups.

Most of us are aware of our blood groups, which we inherit from our parents. We also know that blood transfusion is possible between two people if their blood groups are similar. But what determines our blood groups ? This is done by a protein complex called antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. These antigens are complex chemical substances found on the surface of red blood cells are different for each blood group. The two most important blood group systems in transfusion work are the ABO and Rhesus (Rh) systems.

Within the ABO system people can be one of four types - 0, A, B or AB, whilst in the Rh system they can be either Rh positive or Rh negative. Each system is inherited independently of the other. Thus, there are eight main blood groups.

Your Rh status will be listed as negative (-) or positive (+). If you have Rh- blood, your body may form antibodies against Rh+ blood and destroy it. In order for this to happen, you must first be exposed to Rh+ blood (i.e., through a blood transfusion or carrying an Rh+ fetus). This can be a problem if you have antibodies against Rh+ blood and are pregnant with an Rh+ fetus. However, there is medication that can prevent this reaction from occurring if it is given immediately after you are exposed to Rh+ blood.

Blood is a public resource and should not be restricted. Blood is made up of red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and platelets suspended in yellow fluid called plasma.. Blood carries oxygen water and food to all cells of the body.

The amount of blood content in human body is 76 /kg body weight in males and 66 ml / kg body weight in females. Out of the total quantity of blood only 50 ml / kg of body weight is in circulation. The quantity is sufficient for performing normal routine work, hence men have 26 ml/ kg and women have 16 ml / kg of blood in circulation system as surplus or factor of safety. From this surplus it has been scientifically established that if one slowly parts with 8 ml / kg no harm is done to the body mechanism in any way. Anybody having a body weight of 45 kg can donate 45 X8 =360 ml. In India not more than 350 ml of blood is collected from a donor. The liquid part of the donated blood is made up automatically within 2 days and the cells are completely replenished in 2 days. Still one is allowed to donate blood once in 3 months. For reparation of the donated blood, no additional nutritious food, rest or any medicine is required. Normal diet is sufficient to make up of the donated blood.

India’s blood requirement is about six million units per year. Blood banks are able to collect only about three million units per year. Patients actually die because the right kind of blood does not reach them in time. The heavy shortfall in supply encourages racketeering (unethical institutions/people sell blood that is not properly tested) in blood and blood products. It also encourages blood donation for money, encouraging ‘professional’ donor ship. Professional donors come from weaker sections of the society and are rarely in ideal health for blood donation and do it only for commercial reasons. The risk of infection is also high in blood collected from professional donors.

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Blood is donated by volunteers who are screened and “accepted” to give blood. Blood can also be taken and stored for one’s own future use, or be donated by a relative. Most often, a person’s own blood is taken and stored in advance of surgery where a transfusion may be needed. This, of course, can only be done in cases where the need is anticipated. Relatives may also donate blood for direct use by a patient, although this is not typically considered any safer than blood from a volunteer.

1) PROFESSIONAL DONORS They sell their blood, which is of very poor quality and can transmit very dangerous diseases to the recipient. It is illegal to take blood from any professional donor.

(2) REPLACEMENT DONATION Healthy relatives and friends of the patient give their blood, of any group, to the blood bank. In exchange, the required number of units in the required blood group is given.

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(3) VOLUNTARY DONATION Here a donor donates blood voluntarily. The blood can be used for any patient even without divulging the identity of the donor. This is the best type of blood donation where a motivated human being gives blood in an act of selfless service.

The screening process includes questions about overall health and about any risk factors for disease. Blood is only taken from donors who are designated as healthy enough to do so. The donated blood is tested to determine type (A, B, AB, or O) and screened for the presence of the hepatitis virus (B and C), HIV, HTLV (human T-lymphotropic viruses), West Nile virus, and Treponema pallidum (the bacteria which causes syphilis).

Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Even the heart couldn’t survive without blood flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls. Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system; from there they are removed from the body.

We can not live without blood. And that the blood in our bodies is pumped by the heart through a network of arteries and veins. But beyond those blood basics, what do you know about that red stuff beneath your skin?

Without blood, we couldn’t keep warm or cool off, we couldn’t fight infections, and we couldn’t get rid of our own waste products.

So how exactly does blood do these things? How is it made, and what’s in it? How does blood clot? It’s time to learn a little about the mysterious, life-sustaining fluid called blood.

For more details and people anyone want to blood donate. please visit http://www.indiabloodbank.com

Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person’s blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.

Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.

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A certain set of standard tests are performed in the laboratory once blood is donated, including, but not limited to, the following:

* typing: ABO group (blood type)
* Rh typing (positive or negative antigen)
* screening for any unexpected red blood cell antibodies that may cause problems in the recipient
* screening for current or past infections, including the following:
o hepatitis viruses B and C
o human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
o human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV) I and II
o syphilis
* Irradiation to blood cells is performed to disable any T-lymphocytes present in the donated blood. (T-lymphocytes can cause a reaction when transfused, but can also cause what is called “graft-versus-host” problems with repeated exposure to foreign cells.)
* “Leukocyte-reduced blood” has been filtered to remove the white blood cells which contain antibodies that can cause fevers in the recipient of the transfusion. (These antibodies, with repeated transfusions, may also increase a recipient’s risk of reactions to subsequent transfusions.)

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Blood is the red coloured fluid flowing continuously in our body’s circulatory system. About 1/12th of the body weight of a healthy individual is blood. On an average there are about 5 6 litres of blood present.

While blood, or one of its components, may be transferred, each component serves many functions, including the following:

* red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues in the body and are commonly used in the treatment of anemia.
* platelets - help the blood to clot and are used in the treatment of leukemia and other forms of cancer.
* white blood cells - help to fight infection, and aid in the immune process.
* plasma - the watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Plasma is needed to carry the many parts of the blood through the bloodstream. Plasma serves many functions, including the following:
o helps to maintain blood pressure
o provides proteins for blood clotting
o balances the levels of sodium and potassium
* cryoprecipitate AHF - a portion of the plasma that contains clotting factors that help to control bleeding.

Albumin, immune globulins, and clotting factor concentrates may also be separated and processed for transfusions.

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Blood banking is the process that takes place in the laboratory to ensure that donated blood, or blood products, are safe before they are used in blood transfusions and other medical procedures. Blood banking includes typing the blood for transfusion and testing for infectious diseases.

Facts about blood banking:
According to the Indain Association of Blood Banks…

* About 40,000 units of red blood cells are needed every day.
* The number of blood units donated is about 14 million a year.
* There are approximately eight million volunteer blood donors.
* About four million patients receive transfusions of blood units each year.
* Each unit of blood is broken down into components, such as red blood cells, plasma and platelets.
* One unit of whole blood, once its separated, may be transfused to several patients, each with different needs.
* Annually, more than 23 million units of blood components are transfused.